Foreign Interference

Foreign Interference in research and innovation refers to deliberate attempts by state or non-state actors to influence, manipulate, or compromise a country’s scientific activities. These actions may conflict with the sovereignty, values, and interests of the European Union. In an increasingly interconnected research landscape, such interference poses growing challenges, as it can undermine the integrity, security, and credibility of scientific work.

Examples of Foreign Interference in research and innovation include:

• Intellectual property theft: Unauthorized access to research data, patents, or technologies through cyberattacks or covert operations aimed at exploiting a country’s scientific and technological advancements.
• Manipulation of research outcomes: Attempts to influence the direction or results of research projects through financial support or other means, often to promote political or economic agendas.
• Targeted recruitment of researchers: Efforts to attract scientists to serve foreign interests, typically through offers of funding, equipment, or other resources tied to conditions that may compromise research independence.
• Exploitation of academic collaborations: Leveraging international research partnerships to gain access to sensitive technologies and data that may be used for military or economic purposes.
• Influence on academic institutions: Using financial contributions, partnerships, or other mechanisms to promote specific agendas or undermine academic freedom.

To counter Foreign Interference and strengthen research security, risk mitigation efforts focus on four key areas: values, governance, partnerships, and cybersecurity. Establishing clear guidelines for international collaboration, raising awareness of potential risks, and implementing robust security measures are essential. Protecting the integrity and independence of scientific research requires transparency, adherence to ethical standards, and close cooperation between governments, institutions, and industry.

EU export control and dual-use goods

Export control is a central component of the European Union’s trade and security policy, aimed at safeguarding the security of member states and the international community. Its purpose is to regulate the export of specific goods such as defense items, weapons, and dual-use goods, and to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Dual-use goods – for both civilian and military purposes – are subject to particular scrutiny. This applies regardless of whether this is a physical product, software, technology, or information. The legal framework for export control is based on both national and EU regulations, particularly Regulation (EU) 2021/821, which governs the export, brokering, technical assistance, transit, and transfer of dual-use goods within the EU.

Key aspects to consider:

• Export authorization for listed goods: The export of dual-use goods listed in Annex I of the EU Dual-Use Regulation requires prior authorization.
• Authorization for non-listed goods: Export of non-listed dual-use items may also require authorization if:
  1. The goods are intended, in whole or in part, for use in weapons of mass destruction.
  2. The goods are destined for a country under an arms embargo and may be used for military purposes.
• Trade ban with listed entities: Entities or individuals on EU sanctions lists are subject to a complete trade ban. Transactions with such entities are not eligible for authorization, and no payments or deliveries – direct or indirect –  may be made.
• Authorization within the EU: The transfer of goods within the EU also requires authorization if the items are listed in Annex IV of the Dual-Use Regulation.
• General export authorizations: For many listed dual-use items, individual export licenses are not required. Instead, general authorizations provided by authorities may be used, provided the item and destination country are covered.
• Customs tariff number: The customs tariff number is a key indicator for determining whether an item is subject to dual-use or military listing. It can provide insights into potential export control requirements.